Adipose definition: of, resembling, or containing fat ; fatty | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels. [47] A growing body of evidence also suggests that different fat depots (i.e. The expansion of adipose tissue during the development of obesity is often accompanied by adipose tissue dysfunction, which in turn contributes to metabolic and endocrine derangements. In addition, adipose-derived stem cells from both human and animals reportedly can be efficiently reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells without the need for feeder cells. Lipolysis is defined as the biochemical pathway responsible for the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) or triglycerides into non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glycerol. Because adipocytes produce leptin, leptin levels are elevated in the obese. Adipose tissue is derived from preadipocytes. Morphology of three different classes of adipocytes. Reconstructive surgery is one method of treatment. [1] The paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and ovaries in females and the epididymis and testes in males; the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the dorsal wall of the abdomen, surrounding the kidney, and, when massive, extend into the pelvis. Its main role is to store energy in the form of lipids, although it also cushions and insulates the body. A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm within the cerebral hemisphere often associated with partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum. These equations present an inverse correlation between skinfolds and body density—as the sum of skinfolds increases, the body density decreases. What made you want to look up adipose tissue? ADIPOSE Meaning: "pertaining to fat, fatty," 1743, from Modern Latin adiposus "fatty," from Latin adipem (nominative… See definitions of adipose. What is the meaning of adipose tissue? [8], Visceral fat or abdominal fat[9] (also known as organ fat or intra-abdominal fat) is located inside the abdominal cavity, packed between the organs (stomach, liver, intestines, kidneys, etc.). Studies observing the chromatin landscapes of beige adipocytes have found that adipogenesis of these cells results from the formation of cell specific chromatin landscapes, which regulate the transcriptional program and, ultimately, control differentiation. However, the use of such drugs has proven largely unsuccessful due to several challenges, including varying species receptor specificity and poor oral bioavailability. &diamf3; Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue consisting of adipose cells, which are specialized to produce and store large fat globules. BAT can generate heat by "uncoupling" the respiratory chain of oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria through tissue-specific expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). [16] Several studies have suggested that visceral fat can be predicted from simple anthropometric measures,[17] and predicts mortality more accurately than body mass index or waist circumference. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. [67][68][69], The list of molecules that influence browning has grown in direct proportion to the popularity of this topic and is constantly evolving as more knowledge is acquired. In addition to adipocytes, adipose tissue contains the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells including preadipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and a variety of immune cells such as adipose tissue macrophages. Techniques to manipulate the differentiation of "brown fat" could become a mechanism for weight loss therapy in the future, encouraging the growth of tissue with this specialized metabolism without inducing it in other organs. 'All Intensive Purposes' or 'All Intents and Purposes'? Adipose tissue is both an insulant and a long-term fuel store, in which food in excess of requirements is converted to neutral fat (see TRIGLYCERIDE) and deposited. Adipose tissue, body fat, or simply fat is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes. White fat, or white adipose tissue (WAT), is the standard fat you’ve likely known about your whole life. Fatty acids deposited in the white adipose tissue as triacylglycerols represent the largest energy store in higher eukaryotes. Until recently, brown adipose tissue was thought to be primarily limited to infants in humans, but new evidence has now overturned that belief. Abdominal fat has a different metabolic profile—being more prone to induce insulin resistance. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a powerful computational tool that allows for the quantification of RNA expression for all genes within a sample. ", "Belly fat in women: Taking – and keeping – it off", "Gluteofemoral body fat as a determinant of metabolic health", "Caloric restriction leads to high marrow adiposity and low bone mass in growing mice", "Expansion of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue During Caloric Restriction Is Associated With Increased Circulating Glucocorticoids and Not With Hypoleptinemia", "Increased bone marrow fat in anorexia nervosa", "Exercise Decreases Marrow Adipose Tissue Through ß-Oxidation in Obese Running Mice", "Exercise Regulation of Marrow Fat in the Setting of PPARγ Agonist Treatment in Female C57BL/6 Mice", "Bone marrow fat accumulation accelerated by high fat diet is suppressed by exercise", "Ectopic fat and insulin resistance: pathophysiology and effect of diet and lifestyle interventions", "The Chemical Composition of Adipose Tissue of Man and Mice", "The role of leptin in the control of insulin-glucose axis", "Fat-Bellied Monkeys Suggest Why Stress Sucks", "Human and mouse adipose-derived cells support feeder-independent induction of pluripotent stem cells", "Functional differences in visceral and subcutaneous fat pads originate from differences in the adipose stem cell", "Comparison of human adipose-derived stem cells isolated from subcutaneous, omental, and intrathoracic adipose tissue depots for regenerative applications", "Oxygenation of adipose tissue: A human perspective", "Tissue Physiology and Pathology of Aromatase", "Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins and energy metabolism", "Mechanism of fatty-acid-dependent UCP1 uncoupling in brown fat mitochondria", "The on-off switches of the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins", "Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans", "Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential", "Brown fat as a therapy for obesity and diabetes", "Mitochondrial turnover: a phenotype distinguishing brown adipocytes from interscapular brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue", "Turning WAT into BAT: a review on regulators controlling the browning of white adipocytes", "Prdm16 is required for the maintenance of brown adipocyte identity and function in adult mice", "Ebf2 is a selective marker of brown and beige adipogenic precursor cells", "SnapShot: Brown and Beige Adipose Thermogenesis", "EBF2 transcriptionally regulates brown adipogenesis via the histone reader DPF3 and the BAF chromatin remodeling complex", "A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis", "Roles of FGFs as Adipokines in Adipose Tissue Development, Remodeling, and Metabolism", "FGF21 is an endocrine signal of protein restriction", "Group 2 innate lymphoid cells promote beiging of white adipose tissue and limit obesity", "Brown and white adipose tissues: intrinsic differences in gene expression and response to cold exposure in mice", "Transcriptional and epigenetic control of brown and beige adipose cell fate and function", "EBF2 promotes the recruitment of beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue", "Recent advances in understanding leptin signaling and leptin resistance", "Obese (ob) gene defects are rare in human obesity", "Congenital leptin deficiency due to homozygosity for the Delta133G mutation: report of another case and evaluation of response to four years of leptin therapy", "A new missense mutation in the leptin gene causes mild obesity and hypogonadism without affecting T cell responsiveness", "Specific force deficit in skeletal muscles of old rats is partially explained by the existence of denervated muscle fibers", "CCR2 deficiency leads to increased eosinophils, alternative macrophage activation, and type 2 cytokine expression in adipose tissue", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adipose_tissue&oldid=997728498, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2012, Pages with login required references or sources, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 1 January 2021, at 23:22. Adipose tissue is now known to be a very important and active endocrine organ. When energy demand increases, such as during intense and prolonged physical activity, triacylglycerol hydrolysis occurs and fatty acidsare released into the blood. [53] UCP1 is proposed to function as a fatty acid proton symporter, although the exact mechanism has yet to be elucidated. See: List of Doctor Who universe creatures and aliens (0–9, A–G) § Adipose, "Role of pericytes in skeletal muscle regeneration and fat accumulation", "Hepatic and whole-body fat synthesis in humans during carbohydrate overfeeding", "Nutrient preference and diet-induced adiposity in C57BL/6ByJ and 129P3/J mice", "The Prevention and Treatment of Obesity", Fat on the Inside: Looking Thin is Not Enough, "Estimating visceral fat area by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance", "The perils of portliness: causes and consequences of visceral adiposity", "Molecular mechanisms of inflammation in obesity-linked insulin resistance", "Anthropometric Assessment of Neck Adipose Tissue and Airway Volume Using Multidetector Computed Tomography: An Imaging Approach and Association With Overall Mortality", "Anthropometrically predicted visceral adipose tissue and blood-based biomarkers: a cross-sectional analysis", "Anthropometrically-predicted visceral adipose tissue and mortality among men and women in the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III)", "Waistline Worries: Turning Apples Back Into Pears", "Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition", "Influence of exercise intensity on abdominal fat and adiponectin in elderly adults", "A dose-response relation between aerobic exercise and visceral fat reduction: systematic review of clinical trials", "Mobilization of Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Response to Energy Restriction and Exercise", "Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators", "Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue: a protective fat depot? In 1995, Jeffrey Friedman, in his residency at the Rockefeller University, together with Rudolph Leibel, Douglas Coleman et al. [83] However, elevated leptin in obesity is known as leptin resistance. Beige adipocytes take on a multilocular appearance (containing several lipid droplets) and increase expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). A type of connective tissue containing many cells specialized for storing fat. Adipose tissue – more specifically brown adipose tissue – was first identified by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in 1551.[3]. [77] Thus, EBF2 has been identified as a potential therapeutic molecule to induce beiging. [61] It is increased in BAT during cold exposure and is thought to aid in resistance to diet-induced obesity[71] FGF21 may also be secreted in response to exercise and a low protein diet, although the latter has not been thoroughly investigated. See more. It is part of the nutrient glue that holds us all together. [77], The thrifty gene hypothesis (also called the famine hypothesis) states that in some populations the body would be more efficient at retaining fat in times of plenty, thereby endowing greater resistance to starvation in times of food scarcity. The result can fluctuate several percentage points depending on what has been eaten and how much water has been drunk before the analysis. However, hunger remains, and—when leptin levels drop due to weight loss—hunger increases. Among these molecules are irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which have been well-studied and are believed to be important regulators of browning. How do you use adipose tissue in a sentence? Adipose definition is - of or relating to animal fat; broadly : fat. [75] This suggests that some of the adipocytes switched to a beige phenotype at 6 °C. [72][73] Data from these studies suggest that environmental factors like diet and exercise may be important mediators of browning. One such study used RNA-Seq to compare gene expression profiles of WAT from wild-type (WT) mice and those overexpressing Early B-Cell Factor-2 (EBF2). It’s packed with iron-rich mitochondria, which is how it gets its color. Net nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) efflux from adipose tissue increased steadily from … [46] The use of a patient's own cells reduces the chance of tissue rejection and avoids ethical issues associated with the use of human embryonic stem cells. A study in mice demonstrated that cold-induced browning can be completely reversed in 21 days, with measurable decreases in UCP1 seen within a 24-hour period. [33][34][35] Exercise regulates MAT, decreasing MAT quantity and diminishing the size of marrow adipocytes. It was discovered that many of the pathways upregulated in WAT after cold exposure are also highly expressed in BAT, such as oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism. Definition of Adipose Tissue Deposition in the Titi Tudorancea Encyclopedia. [80][81][82] Leptin is produced in the white adipose tissue and signals to the hypothalamus. Brown adipose tissue is found in almost all mammals. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. [ ăd ′ə-pōs′ ] Relating to or consisting of animal fat.♦ Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue consisting of adipose cells, which are specialized to produce and store large fat globules. adipose tissue synonyms, adipose tissue pronunciation, adipose tissue translation, English dictionary definition of adipose tissue. [7], In an obese person, excess adipose tissue hanging downward from the abdomen is referred to as a panniculus. Adipose tissue is a highly dynamic, metabolically active organ involved in a multitude of physiological processes. It offers basic safety and Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. [32], Factors such as sex, age, population size or other variables may make the equations invalid and unusable, and, as of 2012[update], Durnin and Wormersley's equations remain only estimates of a person's true level of fatness. adjective. [15] Likewise, the accumulation of neck fat (or cervical adipose tissue) has been shown to be associated with mortality. BAT activation may also occur in response to overfeeding. Information and translations of ADIPOSE TISSUE in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. A type of connective tissue that contains stored cellular fat. The familiar type, white adipose tissue, is the body's warehouse, storing excess energy. The drug 2,4-dinitrophenol, which also acts as a chemical uncoupler similarly to UCP1, was used for weight loss in the 1930s. [45], Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed for the harvesting of adult stem cells from adipose tissue, allowing stimulation of tissue regrowth using a patient's own cells. Familiarity information: ADIPOSE TISSUE used as a noun is very rare. The layer of brown adipose tissue in this depot is often covered by a "frosting" of white adipose tissue; sometimes these two types of fat (brown and white) are hard to distinguish. The synonyms have been arranged depending on the number of charachters so that they're easy to find. Times, Sunday Times (2016) Any excesses were thought to be slowly removed and stored in the adipose tissue around the waist, hips and legs. [64], Transcriptional regulators, as well as a growing number of other factors, regulate the induction of beige fat. The mesenteric depot forms a glue-like web that supports the intestines and the omental depot (which originates near the stomach and spleen) and - when massive - extends into the ventral abdomen. Definition of adipose tissue : connective tissue in which fat is stored and which has the cells distended by droplets of fat Examples of adipose tissue in a Sentence Recent Examples on the Web Both groups … WAT from the transgenic animals exhibited a brown fat gene program and had decreased WAT specific gene expression compared to the WT mice. [63] A study by Rosenwald et al. [24] An energy restricted diet combined with exercise will reduce total body fat and the ratio of visceral adipose tissue to subcutaneous adipose tissue, suggesting a preferential mobilization for visceral fat over subcutaneous fat. Browning of WAT, also referred to as "beiging", occurs when adipocytes within WAT depots develop features of BAT. (noun) What are synonyms for adipose tissue? Under normal conditions, it provides feedback for hunger and diet to the brain. n. A type of connective tissue that contains stored cellular fat. Adipose tissue is a highly dynamic, metabolically active organ involved in a multitude of physiological processes. Perivascular adipose tissue releases adipokines such as adiponectin that affect the contractile function of the vessels that they surround. There will also be a list of synonyms for your answer. Adipose tissue definition, loose connective tissue in which fat cells accumulate. The two types of adipose tissue are white adipose tissue (WAT), which stores energy, and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which generates body heat. Furthermore, this effect was exaggerated when the mice became obese from a high fat diet.[97]. [26] Marked component differences have been observed in comparing EAT with subcutaneous fat, suggesting a depot specific impact of stored fatty acids on adipocyte function and metabolism. brown adipose tissue: [ tish´u ] a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that together perform certain special functions. A body fat meter is a widely available tool used to measure the percentage of fat in the human body. Slippery Words Quiz—Changing with the Times. This hypothesis, originally advanced in the context of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, has been discredited by physical anthropologists, physiologists, and the original proponent of the idea himself with respect to that context, although according to its developer it remains "as viable as when [it was] first advanced" in other contexts.[78][79]. [51], Adipose tissues also secrete a type of cytokines (cell-to-cell signalling proteins) called adipokines (adipose cytokines), which play a role in obesity-associated complications. BAT is robustly activated upon cold exposure by the release of catecholamines from sympathetic nerves that results in UCP1 activation. Apart from adipocytes, which comprise the highest percentage of cells within adipose tissue, other cell types are present, collectively termed stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells. [11], An excess of visceral fat is known as central obesity, or "belly fat", in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. [62], Cold is a primary regulator of BAT processes and induces WAT browning. revealed that when the animals are re-exposed to a cold environment, the same adipocytes will adopt a beige phenotype, suggesting that beige adipocytes are retained. [25], Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a particular form of visceral fat deposited around the heart and found to be a metabolically active organ that generates various bioactive molecules, which might significantly affect cardiac function. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. [49] Oxygen levels seem to play an important role on the metabolism and in general the function of adipose-derived stem cells. Four regulators of transcription are central to WAT browning and serve as targets for many of the molecules known to influence this process. The fact that MAT increases in the setting of calorie restriction/ anorexia is a feature that distinguishes this depot from other fat depots. Learn more. [55] In contrast, UCP1 is inhibited by ATP, ADP, and GTP.[56]. The changes that occur in the hypothalamus to result in leptin resistance in obesity are currently the focus of obesity research. Excess visceral fat is also linked to type 2 diabetes,[12] insulin resistance,[13] inflammatory diseases,[14] and other obesity-related diseases. What does ADIPOSE TISSUE mean? Browning in response to chronic cold exposure has been well documented and is a reversible process. Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). In adipose tissue the sequential action of these three enzymes leads to complete hydrolysis of triacylglycerols. One such study used microarray analysis in conjunction with Ingenuity IPA software to look at changes in WAT and BAT gene expression when mice were exposed to temperatures of 28 and 6 °C. Meaning of Adipose Tissue Deposition. For the fictional creature from Doctor Who, see, Adipose tissue is one of the main types of. A panniculus complicates surgery of the morbidly obese individual. Human fat tissue contains about 87% lipids. Adipose tissue is a specialized connective tissue consisting of lipid-rich cells called adipocytes. [36][37][38] The exercise regulation of marrow fat suggests that it bears some physiologic similarity to other white adipose depots. A type of connective tissue that contains stored cellular fat. n. A type of connective tissue that contains stored cellular fat. How to use adipose in a sentence. [65] These include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16),[66] peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), and Early B-Cell Factor-2 (EBF2). See more. Adipose tissue, which is in part made up of adipose cells, acts as a fuel reserve and helps conserve the heat of the body. discovered the protein leptin that the genetically obese mouse lacked. In humans, lipolysis (hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids) is controlled through the balanced control of lipolytic B-adrenergic receptors and a2A-adrenergic receptor-mediated antilipolysis. [50], Adipose tissue is a major peripheral source of aromatase in both males and females, contributing to the production of estradiol. Ectopic fat is the storage of triglycerides in tissues other than adipose tissue, that are supposed to contain only small amounts of fat, such as the liver, skeletal muscle, heart, and pancreas. adipose - composed of animal fat; "adipose tissue constitutes the fat of meat". Adipose definition, fatty; consisting of, resembling, or relating to fat. They tend to under-read body fat percentage. [76] These two studies demonstrate the potential for the use of microarray in the study of WAT browning. Due to the complex nature of adipose tissue and a growing list of browning regulatory molecules, great potential exists for the use of bioinformatics tools to improve study within this field. The calculation measures the total volume of water in the body (lean tissue and muscle contain a higher percentage of water than fat), and estimates the percentage of fat based on this information. Adipose: Fatty. However, it was quickly discontinued when excessive dosing led to adverse side effects including hyperthermia and death. The drop of leptin is better viewed as a starvation signal than the rise of leptin as a satiety signal. Adipose is a loose connective tissue that fills up space between organs and tissues and provides structural and metabolic support. In humans, adipose tissue is located: beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow), intermuscular (Muscular system) and in the breast (breast tissue). Irisin is secreted from muscle in response to exercise and has been shown to increase browning by acting on beige preadipocytes. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'adipose tissue.' Studies of WAT browning have greatly benefited from advances in these techniques, as beige fat is rapidly gaining popularity as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Far from being hormonally inert, adipose tissu… [1] This can interfere with cellular functions and hence organ function and is associated with insulin resistance in type-2 diabetes. New developments such as the Body Volume Index (BVI) are specifically designed to measure abdominal volume and abdominal fat. It stores your energy in large fat droplets that accumulate around the body. Genomics and bioinformatics tools to study browning. Diagrammatic sectional view of the skin (magnified). Times, Sunday Times (2012) [5] Of all the depots in the mouse, the gonadal depots are the largest and the most easily dissected,[6] comprising about 30% of dissectible fat. It is well established that adipocytes (or fat cells) play a vital role in the storage and release of energy throughout the human body. We studied changes in lipid metabolism in adipose tissue in 24 healthy adults during early starvation (14-20 h) by cannulating the venous drainage of the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the anterior abdominal wall. 1. a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy; it also cushions and insulates vital organs Familiarity information: ADIPOSE TISSUE used as a noun is very rare. Adipose refers to tissue made up of mainly fat cells such as the yellow layer of fat beneath the skin. [42], There is a constant flux of FFAs entering and leaving adipose tissue. [28], The relationship between the subcutaneous adipose layer and total body fat in a person is often modelled by using regression equations. In biology, adipose tissue or body fat or just fat is loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes. Also cushions and insulatesthe body organ involved in a region called the hypodermis type of connective that! 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